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Dr. Peter H. Graham
439 Borlaug Hall
1991 Upper Buford Circle
St Paul, MN 55406

Background Reading

• Boogerd, C. and van Rossum, D., 1997. Nodulation of groundnut by Bradyrhizobium - a simple infection process by crack entry. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 21, 5-27.
• Graham, P.H., 1998. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation. In: D. Sylvia, et al. (Ed.) Principals and applications of soil microbiology. Prentice Hall.
• Graham, P.H. and Vance, C.P., (Eds.), 2000. Applied technologies in biological nitrogen fixation. Field Crops Res. 65, 91-272.
• Hirsch, A.M., 1992. Developmental biology of legume nodulation. New Phytol. 122, 211-237.
• Schultze, M. and Kondorosi, A., 1996. The role of lipochitooligosaccharides in root nodule organogenesis and plant cell growth. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 6, 631-638.
• Somasegaran, P. and Hoben, H.J., 1994. Handbook for rhizobia. Springer Verlag. New York.

Literature Cited

• Aarons , S.R. and Graham, P.H., 1991. Response of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv phaseoli to acidity. Plant Soil. 134:145-151
• Ballen, K.G., Graham, P.H., Jones, R.K. and Bowers, J.H., 1998. Acidity and calcium interactions affecting cell envelope stability in Rhizobium. Can.J.Microbiol. 44: 582-587.
• Bernal, G. and Graham, P.H., 2001. Diversity in the rhizobia associated with Phaseolus vulgaris L. in Ecuador, and comparisons with Mexican bean rhizobia. Can. J. Microbiol. in press.
• Brockwell, J. and Bottomley, P.J., 1995. Recent advances in inoculant technology and prospects for the future. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27, 683-697.
• Chaverra, M.H. and Graham, P.H., 1992. Cultivar variation in traits affecting early nodulation of common bean. Crop Sci. 32, 1432-1436.
• Christiansen, I. (2001) Ph.D thesis, University of Minnesota
• Christiansen, I. and Graham, P.H., 2002. Variation in nitrogen (N₂) fixation among Andean bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes grown at two levels of phosphorus supply. Field Crops Res. 73, 133-142.
• Ciafardini, G. and Barbieri, C., 1987. Effects of cover inoculation of soybean on nodulation, nitrogen fixation and yield. Agronomy Journal 79, 645-648.
• Elisondo Barron, J., Davis, D.W., Graham, P.H., Pasini, R.J. and Stuthman, D.D. 1999. Response to selection for seed yield and nitrogen fixation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Field Crops Res. 62, 119-128.
• Espinosa-Victoria, D., Vance, C.P. and Graham, P.H., 2000. Host variation in traits associated with crown nodule senescence in soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill). Crop Sci. 40, 103-109
• Estevez de Jensen, C., Percich, J.A. and Graham, P.H., 2002. Dry bean root rot control with Bacillus subtilis in Minnesota. Field Crops Res. 74,107-115.
• Gomez, M. et al., 1997. Evaluation of commercial soybean inoculants from Argentina. World J. Microbiol. Biotech. 13, 167-173.
• Graham, P.H. et al., 1991. Proposed minimal standards for the description of new genera and species of root- and stem-nodulating bacteria. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41, 582-587.
• Graham, P.H. et al., 1994. Acid pH tolerance in strains of Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium, and initial studies on the basis for acid tolerance of Rhizobium tropici strain UMR 1899. Can. J. Microbiol. 40, 198-207.
• Graham, P.H. et al., 2003. Addressing edaphic constraints to bean production: the Bean/Cowpea CRSP project in perspective. Field Crops Res. 82, 179-192.
• Graham, P.H., Ballen, K.G., Montealegre, C., Jones, R.K., Fischer, B. and Luque, E., 1999. Characterization of rhizobia associated with Dalea spp. in natural prairies and revegetation areas in Minnesota. In: E. Martinez and G. Hernandes (Eds.) Highlights of nitrogen fixation research. Kluwer/Plenum, New York, pp 69-75.
• Graham, P. H., S. E. Viteri, F. Mackie, and A. T. Palacios, 1982. Variation in acid soil tolerance among strains of Rhizobium phaseoli. Field Crops Res. 5:121-128.
• John, et al., 1997
• Lupwayi, N.Z. et al., 2000. Inoculant quality and its evaluation. Field Crops Res. 65, 259-270.
• McDermott, T.R. and Graham, P.H., 1989. Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculant mobility, nodule occupancy and acetylene reduction in the soybean root system. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55, 2493-2498.
• Montealegre, C., Graham, P.H. and Kipe-Nolt, J.A., 1995. Preference in the nodulation of Phaseolus vulgaris cultivar RAB39. Can J. Microbiol. 41, 992-998.
• Oliveira, L.A. and Graham, P.H., 1989a. Evaluation of strain competitiveness in Rhizobium leguminosarum by phaseoli using a nod+ fix- natural mutant. Archiv. Microbiol. 153, 306-310.
• Oliveira, L.A. and Graham, P.H., 1989b. Speed of infection and competitive ability among strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum by phaseoli. Arch. Microbiol. 153, 311-315.
• Olsen, P.E. et al., 1994. Analysis and regulation of legume inoculants in Canada: the need for an increase in standards. Plant and Soil 161, 127-134.
• Pazdernik, D.L., Graham, P.H. and Orf, J.H., 1996. Host variation in traits affecting early nodulation and dinitrogen fixation of soybean. Crop Sci. 36, 1102-1107.
• Pazdernik, D.L., Graham, P.H. and Orf, J.H., 1997. Heritability in the early nodulation of F3 and F4 soybean lines. Can. J. Plant. Sci. 77, 201-205.
• Pazdernik, D.L., Graham, P.H. and Orf, J.H., 1997a. Variation in the pattern of dinitrogen fixation and nitrogen distribution of soybean. Crop Sci. 37: 1482-1486.
• Pazdernik, D.L., Vance, C.P., Sadowsky, M.J., Graham, P.H. and Orf, J.H., 1997b. A host controlled serogroup-specific ineffective nodulation system in the Bradyrhizobium- soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) symbiosis. MPMI. 10: 994-1001.
• Rennie, R.J. and Dubetz, S., 1984. Multistrain vs. single strain Rhizobium japonicum inoculants for early maturing (00 and 000) soybean cultivars: N₂ fixation quantified by 15N isotope dilution. Agronomy Journal 76, 498-502.
• Seguin, P., Graham, P.H., Sheaffer, C.C., Ehlke, N.J. and Russelle, M.P., 2001. Genetic diversity of rhizobia nodulating Trifolim ambiguum in North America. Can. J. Microbiol. In press.
• Thompson, J.A., 1988. Selection of Rhizobium strains. In: Beck, D.P. and Materon, L.A. (Eds.) Nitrogen fixation by legumes in mediterranean agriculture. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 207-224.
• Tighe, S.W. et al., 2000. Analysis of cellular fatty acids and phenotypic relationships of Agrobacterium, Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium species using the Sherlock Microbial identification system. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 50, 787-801.
• Unkovich, M.J. and Pate, J.S., 2000. An appraisal of recent field measurements of symbiotic N₂ fixation by annual legumes. Field Crops Res. 65, 211-228.
• van Kessel, C. and Hartley, C., 2000. Agricultural management of grain legumes: has it led to an increase in nitrogen fixation. Field Crops Res. 65, 165-181.
• Vargas, A.A.T. and Graham, P.H., 1988. Phaseolus vulgaris L. cultivar and Rhizobium strain variation in acid pH tolerance and nodulation under acid conditions. Field Crops Res. 19, 91-101.